When Miles Tost moved from The Witcher 3 to Cyberpunk 2077 in 2016, he soon realized that he was dealing with a unique challenge. Despite both being RPGs, the two “couldn’t be more different,” with CD Projekt aiming to make a “gigantic leap forward” in terms of the freedom that Cyberpunk 2077 offered with gameplay. As a level designer, Tost was asked to create levels that supported every style of play, from brute force to stealth to everything else in between, all in a huge open world.
“As insane as it sounded, it also sounded f*cking awesome, and boy were we up to the challenge,” Tost said.
Of course, we know what happened next. Cyberpunk 2077 struggled when it was released in 2020, especially on older consoles like the PlayStation 4. Even beyond its technical problems, though, many players observed its shortcomings as an immersive sim. In particular, it did a poor job of making the various playstyles feel meaningful, dampening the sense of reward gained from exploration. Cyberpunk 2077 has since recovered somewhat, but CD Projekt remains keen to figure out exactly what went wrong with its ambitious RPG.
'We pride ourselves on being storytellers'
Tost’s observations were part of a GDC 2023 panel entitled “What Cyberpunk 2077 Taught Us About Non-Linear Level Design,” which delved into the issues that CD Projekt Red encountered in trying to make branching paths feel rewarding and special. Like many of CD Projekt’s developers, Tost has a blunt and self-deprecating sense of humor about Cyberpunk’s launch. When a power surge makes it difficult to make out some of his level design diagrams during the talk, he joked, “It wouldn’t be a Cyberpunk talk if everything was working fine.”
But these quips belie a company-wide desire to learn as many lessons as possible from its troubled launch, leading the design team to conduct a comprehensive analysis of where Cyberpunk 2077 went wrong. For his part, Tost chose to focus on why the non-linear level design didn’t seem to work. How was it that games with less variety seemed more vital and open-ended than Cyberpunk 2077?
Tost ultimately determined that one of CD Projekt’s biggest strengths – its commitment to telling a strong story – was also a key stumbling block.
“We pride ourselves on being storytellers, and we didn’t want to stop a player’s lack of foresight from enjoying the narrative,” Tost explained.
That meant including what Tost calls a “generic path” for anyone who didn’t properly spec their character, and just to make sure they didn’t miss it, making it as obvious as possible. The result, Tost says, is that most players opted to take the path of least resistance, trivializing what was meant to be a robust selection of playstyles.
When criticizing Cyberpunk 2077, many reviewers point to this aspect as one of its fundamental weaknesses, and perhaps a crucial reason that no amount of polish can ever make it a truly great RPG. But in analyzing Cyberpunk 2077’s level design, Tost came away with a handful of new design principles he hopes will inform CD Projekt’s work going forward.
He begins by citing Dishonored 1 and 2 as key influences, pointing out how Arkane’s stealth series tends to do a better job of rewarding players for finding a different path.
“We need to treat paths as special,” Tost explains. “This is what creates value in the choices players make.”
By contrast, Cyberpunk 2077’s generic path would often have what he called a “cool, bespoke experience,” such as custom interactions or chatter. Often, Tost says, Cyberpunk’s paths would come together in a bottleneck filled with these rewards, leaving players with the sense that none of their choices ever mattered.
Remedying this problem can be as simple as placing separate paths further away from one another, observing that as long as two paths are close to one another, they’re perceived as the same path. The more isolated or exclusive a path feels, Tost says, the more special it can become in the player’s mind, allowing them to “fully focus on experiencing the chosen path.” It also produces a heightened sense of curiosity, he explains, making players wonder what they might have missed.
Three basic principles
Ultimately, Tost developed three basic principles for level design, though he cautions that it ultimately depends on the game they’re being applied to.
- The perception of distance. The closer paths are to each other, the less it feels like picking one makes a difference.
- The more exclusive or isolated a path feels, the more special it can become in the player’s mind. It allows players to fully focus on experiencing the chosen path. It heightens player’s curiosity about “what if.”
- Validation. Paths need to be treated as special. This is what creates value in the choices the player’s make. Make it worth their time and give them a show. Provide exclusive scenes, encounters, or world-building.
Taken together, Tost believes the desired effect can be achieved by spreading out the entrances to the different paths; limiting and controlling what players can see; forcing them to commit to a choice using tricks like one-way drops and passages, and then properly rewarding them with exclusive content and other incentives. Doing so will also give designers more freedom to create incentives to use playstyles, Tost says, such as utilizing stealth abilities to sneak past a powerful enemy to a secret passage.
Even without these improvements, though, Cyberpunk 2077 seems to be growing in esteem among fans, not the least because it’s one of the most technically ambitious RPGs ever made. Whether it ever lives up to its original potential remains an open question, but Tost at least seems confident that these lessons can be applied to future games.
“All three principles [perception, exclusivity, and validation] are not restricted to, but particularly effective at enhancing the powers of two different level design beats, designed to maximize choice and reward: that is, discovery and exploration,” Tost concluded, calling it “food for thought” for other developers.
We’ll get to see whether these lessons pay off with the Phantom Liberty expansion, which is set to launch later this year. For now, Cyberpunk 2077 is available on PS5, Xbox, and PC. A sequel is also in development. Keep an eye on this space for lots more coverage as GDC 2023 continues.
Kat Bailey is a Senior News Editor at IGN as well as co-host of Nintendo Voice Chat. Have a tip? Send her a DM at @the_katbot.